Among the broad-leaved temperate forests of the northern hemisphere, Iran s Hyrcanian forests are very particular. Pure and mixed beech forests are the most important elements of this ecosystem, making up the richest and the most beautiful forests of Iran. Beech forests represent about 18 % of Hyrcanian forests surface and form about 30 % of forest trees volume in Iran, which forms the most valuable stands in Hyrcanian zone and allocate the most rate of timber production in Iran. The two main technical reasons for decline of beech in these forests are unsuitable harvesting methods during the...