The electromagnetic scattering from bodies coated with metamaterials by using Finite Difference Frequency-Domain (FDFD). A formulation for the FDFD method is presented. A hybrid technique from FDFD and Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO) is used to reconstruct both the shape and the relative permittivity of a homogenous dielectric cylinder. The dielectric constants of materials in solid, liquid, or paste forms are considered. The thesis presents a graphics processing based implementation of FDFD method. The FDFD code has been implemented for CPU calculations and the same code is...