We produced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by pyrolysis of composite films of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with fly ash and physically/chemically modified fly ash at 500 °C for 10 min under a nitrogen flow of 2 L/min. Different geometrical structures, e.g.; knotted and twisted, U- and spiral-shaped, bamboo-shaped, rod, fiber and ribbon-shaped CNT materials were observed in the images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The widths of the CNT ribbons measured in TEM varied in the ranges 18 ~ 80 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed five types...

The content of the book can be divided into two different types of composites based on the nature of polymer used: i) Hydrocarbon based Polymer (Polypropylene, PP) and fly ash, ii) Functionalized-Polymer (Polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) and fly ash. Composites of Gladstone fly ash (GFA) reinforced isotactic semicrystalline PP were prepared by injection molding at 210 °C incorporating 20, 45 and 60 wt% GFA. Tensile tests were carried out at 25, 50 and 70 °C. Modulus of elasticity of all composites at all temperatures was higher than that of the corresponding PP samples the gain ranged between 10 to...