Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug effects or any drug-related problem. It requires a large sum of data to validate the results whereas in the retrospective method the nature of the study group was defined precisely. Definite criteria were established so that there was no uncertainty about types of cases and stages of growth development which was included in or excluded from the study. The choice of case and control was guided by the concern of validity. The advantage of retrospective studies was...

The major challenges faced by dental specialists today is in the assessment and management of patients with increasingly complex medical conditions, complex medical history and the use of multiple medications. Therefore, dental management in medically compromised patients requires special attention. Thorough knowledge about the pathophysiology of diseases, pharmacological action and their interactions with dental procedures is mandatory. The common medical conditions encountered by the dentist in daily practice include patients with cardiac diseases, pulmonary diseases, hypertension,...