Mangrove ecosystem services have great value, especially to poor coastal communities. Rates of mangrove deforestation are among the highest of any ecosystem and the resulting loss of ecosystem services falls greatest on the poor. Consequently there is a need for conservation and restoration projects to maintain ecosystems service flows. This will require the both national conservation and restoration programmes and the participation of local communities to change local resource use patterns. A framework is developed to determine risk to mangrove ecosystems and used to analyse opportunities...