The present study was conducted to determine the difference between reciprocal teaching only and explicit teaching of strategies before reciprocal teaching on reading comprehension of Iranian female EFL learners. The 63 participants were divided into two groups of RTO and ET-RT. There were two classes of 16 participants in RTO group and two classes of 16 and 15 participants in ET-RT group. Before starting the lesson, a pretest of reading comprehension with 60 multiple choice items was administered. One group received reciprocal teaching only and the other received explicit teaching of...

Validation is an important enterprise especially when the test to be validated is a high stakes whose results bring about life changing implications for the candidates. A fair test needs to be neutral when it comes to construct irrelevant factors such as demographical variables like gender and field of study, etc. This book reviews and discusses traditional and current views of validity and explains the procedures, techniques, and methods to evaluate it. It provides a comprehensive examination of all key concepts in test validation process, test fairness, along with systematic and user...

This book deals with seven validation studies in language testing in which the author has made a contribution either solely or in conjunction with other colleagues. All the studies here are related to test validation in language testing. All the studies mentioned here have been published in different journals except one. Although the studies deal with language testing in an Iranian context, the global implications are legitimate. Almost all the studies deal with the same data set. But the studies use different approaches. At the beginning of each study it is mentioned where the study has been...

Trotz der Fortschritte in der Humanmedizin sind einige Viruserkrankungen weltweit die häufigsten Todesursachen beim Menschen. Der Mangel an wirksamen Therapien und das schnelle Auftreten neuer medikamentenresistenter Viren haben die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe zur Behandlung von Viruserkrankungen dringend erforderlich gemacht. Mehrere hundert Naturstoffe wurden isoliert, um sie auf antivirale Wirkung zu untersuchen und zu identifizieren, und einige haben in präklinischen und klinischen Studien einen hohen medizinischen Wert bei der Vorbeugung und/oder Linderung von Viruserkrankungen...

Malgré les progrès réalisés en médecine humaine, certaines maladies virales restent les principales causes de mortalité dans le monde. L'absence de traitements efficaces et l'émergence rapide de nouveaux virus résistants aux médicaments ont rendu urgent le développement de nouveaux agents pour traiter les maladies virales. Plusieurs centaines de produits naturels ont été isolés afin d'être testés et d'identifier leur activité antivirale, et certains se sont révélés très prometteurs dans la prévention et/ou le traitement des maladies virales lors d'essais précliniques et...