This is the most comprehensive review of evidence on the link between attitudes, aspirations and behaviours on the one hand, and educational outcomes on the other. Based on a synthesis of over 166,000 research reports, the results are surprising. There is no evidence of a causal link from the attitudes or aspirations of young people and their parents to educational outcomes for young people. Policies based on enhancing motivation, self-efficacy and self-esteem may be ineffective or worse in raising attainment or widening participation. Instead the international evidence suggests that parental...