The main purpose of this book is to explain the basic ideas of iso-mathematics and to help to the readers to operate with them in their researchers. This book contains six chapters, and each chapter consists of results with their proofs, numerous examples, and exercises with solutions. Each chapter concludes with a section featuring advanced practical problems with solutions. The text material of this book is presented in a readable and mathematically solid format.

Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Curve fitting can involve either interpolation, where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing, in which a "smooth" function is constructed that approximately fits the data. Fitted curves can be used as an aid for data visualization, to infer values of a function where no data are available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables. Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data, and is...