Vitamin D is the precursor of 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, the steroid hormone required for calcium absorption, bone development and growth in children. 90% of vitamin D is produced in the skin from the action of sunlight and remaining 10% is obtained from dietary sources. Vitamin D deficiency is major issue in Pakistan and in pregnancy it has been associated with adverse outcomes like pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and preterm birth. Deficiency during infancy may lead to rickets in infants. This study was aimed to find level of vitamin D in relation with calcium in pregnancy and...

Waste water is an important reservoir for E.coli and presented significant acute toxicity if released into the receiving water body without being adequately treated. contamination of drinking water by pathogenic bacteria causes the most significant health risk to humans, and there have been countless numbers of disease outbreaks and poisonings resulting from exposure to untreated or poorly treated drinking water. However, significant risks to human health may also result from exposure to toxic contaminants that are often globally ubiquitous in waters from which drinking water is derived.The...