Different fodder species were collected from various fields of (Sargodha, Punjab) Pakistan irrigated with different water treatments. The samples were scitifically treated and statistically analyzed. Mineral levels in different forage species were analyzed with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Importance of the nutritive elements of various forages for grazing livestock was kept in view with a prime concern to improve the productivity thereof. Also the effect of sewage water on the mineral concentration in the forage species was closely observed in this...

The Punjab has diverse vegetation types occurring in isolated patches like graveyards, forest plantation and prohibited areas under armed forces and salinity/ sodicity affected soils. Desert and semi-desert vegetations occur in Cholistan and Thar areas, the mountain regions of Punjab and edges of Suleman Range near Rajan Pur have hot mountainous type vegetation. The southern edge of the Potohar Plateau is demarcated by famous salt range of Pakistan. Findings exhibited that how water table, drought, aridity, manmade deforestation, over/ uncontrolled grazing and browsing wiped out the precious...

Grazing animals under natural conditions obtain their minerals nutrition from plants. Insufficient amount of mineral intake decreases the productivity in animals. For the proper diet it is essential to maintain the minerals level of animals body, forages and soil, which are the main sources of minerals for the nutrition of the livestock. Growth and health of livestock are considerably affected due to malnutrition. Presently we are facing accumulation of heavy metals including zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, chromium, copper and cobalt in the soil and water pollution. The mineral concentration is...