Soil comprising the pedosphere is positioned at the interface of the lithosphere and biosphere with the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Soil is considered a three phase system, consisting of solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase consists of mineral and organic matter, including living organisms. The liquid phase is known as the 'soil solution', and is the phase from which plants take up nutrients. The gaseous phase is important for supplying oxygen to the roots for respiration. Agrictural soil of the study area is very fertile and is a main source of economy for local population. This deals the...

Swat District (Pakistan) is geographically lies from 340-34` to 350-55` North latitudes and 720-08` to 720-50` East longitudes with an area of 5337 km2. The hydrology of the District is covered by river Swat and its tributeries. River Swat rises from permanent sub rivers and nalas of Ushu khowar, Gabral or utror khowar, Harnoi khwar, Mankial khowar, Daral khowar, Madayan subrivers, Miandam khowar,Shin khowar,matta subrivers and Manglawar khowar. River Swat plays a key role in the irrigated system and drinking purposes of the area. The main sources of irrigation are water canals supplied from...

Die Proben wurden in den Bergen von Malakand, KPK, gesammelt und zu kleineren Partikeln zermahlen. Die Proben wurden im Soxhlet-Apparat mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln extrahiert, um die löslichen Extraktions- und Wachssubstanzen zu entfernen. Die Rohzellulose wurde im Autoklaven mit alkalischen Substanzen behandelt, um die Bindungen aufzubrechen. Die meisten polaren Substanzen wurden durch EDTA und Wasserstoffperoxid entfernt. Außerdem wurden die Proben mit Essigsäure und Salpetersäure gereinigt. Die Cellulose wurde mit doppelt destilliertem Wasser neutralisiert, bis ein neutraler...

Les échantillons ont été collectés dans les montagnes de Malakand, KPK, et ont été broyés en petites particules. Les échantillons ont été extraits dans l'appareil Soxhlet avec différents solvants pour éliminer les substances extractives solubles et les cires. La cellulose brute a été traitée en autoclave avec des substances alcalines pour rompre les liaisons. La plupart des substances polaires ont été éliminées par EDTA et peroxyde d'hydrogène. De plus, les échantillons ont été purifiés par une solution d'acide acétique et d'acide nitrique. La cellulose a été...

The samples were collected from the mountains of Malakand, KPK, and were grinded into smaller particles. The samples were extracted through the Soxhlet apparatus with different solvents to remove the soluble extractive and wax substances. The raw cellulose was treated in autoclave with alkaline substances for bond breaking. Most polar substances were removed through EDTA and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the samples were purified through acetic acid and nitric acid solution. The cellulose was neutralized by double distilled water until a neutral pH was obtained. The purified cellulose was...