Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. It includes routine analysis of G-Banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The world has witnessed extraordinary advances in science over the last few decades. Biotechnology one such area of growth is a term covering a broad range of scientific activities used in many sectors, such as food, health and...

Pakistan is lucky to have a over dozen oilseed crops, of which it can afford to grow one or the other in all the seasons of year. Despite their importance in our national economy and trade, the oilseed crops in general, are termed as Miner/ Marginal crops . The status and approach is indirect result of constant by neglecting the oilseed crops as well as agronomic sector. The present crisis demands much attention for the improvement of oilseed crops. Edible oil is an important constituent of our daily diet. Brassica seed oil has been important source of edible oil in Indo- Pak subcontinent...

Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope. The fibers may be chemically modified, like in viscose or cellophane. In recent years materials scientists have begun exploring further use of these fibers in composite materials. Fiber crops are generally harvestable after a single growing season, as distinct from trees, which are typically grown for many years before being harvested for wood pulp fiber. In specific circumstances, fiber crops can be superior to wood pulp fiber in terms of technical performance, environmental impact...

Kurztitel: Körner werden im Allgemeinen als Samen von Getreidepflanzen klassifiziert. Sie zeichnen sich durch ihre Kleinheit, Härte und ihren geringen Wassergehalt aus. Die meisten von ihnen gehören zur Familie der Gräser, wissenschaftlich als Familie der Gramineen bekannt. Die alten Römer nannten Demeter, die griechische Göttin der Körner und Ernten, Ceres. Das Wort Getreide ist von ihrem Namen abgeleitet. Getreide war seit prähistorischen Zeiten das Grundnahrungsmittel der Menschheit wegen seines breiten Anbaus, seiner guten Haltbarkeit, seines Mischgeschmacks und seiner großen...