In the United States, more students are being retained in the ninth grade than in any other year in their K-12 school experience. In addition, African American males are retained more than any other group. Studies show that when students, especially African American males, are retained in ninth grade there is an increased probability that they will drop out and consequently, fail to graduate from high school. The limitation of the majority of the prior studies on ninth grade retention is their focus on urban districts. Thus, it is unknown if the probability of ninth-grade retention and the...
In the United States, more students are being retained in the ninth grade than in any other year in their K-12 school experience. In addition, African...
