Protection against schistosomiasis using homologous antigens has been studied extensively in experimentally infected mammalian hosts. Heterologous antigens have received comparatively less attention. Antigens against schistosomiasis suggest that this approach to diminished morbidity and mortality and reduced transmission is a realistic goal, in addition to protective effects with significant worm burden reductions, some vaccine candidates also have anti-fecundity, anti-pathology and anti-embryonation effects. Schistosomes and echinostomes are two groups of digenean trematodes that co-occur...