Agricultural technologies, unlike many other technologies, have a major impact on human being and other life forms. This is because of the huge magnitude of this human activity - farming is spread over a major part of this planets land and is the primary occupation of millions of people, but a great portion of the agricultural crops have been affected by the various fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Among the different diseases, the plant viral disease causes the great damage to the agricultural and horticultural crops. Viruses are very small (submicroscopic) infectious particles composed...

Periodontal disease is predominantly a bacterial infection involving the dental biofilm or dental plaque. Some of the principal periodontal pathogens of the subgingival microbiome have been identified to have virulence potential and are associated strongly with the etiology and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Biofilms which cause gingivitis and periodontitis are site-specific, complex polymicrobial communities that are resistant to antimicrobial agents and host defense mechanisms. However, the concept that the rate of progression, age at onset, and severity of periodontal disease in...