Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display the traits of uncontrolled growth, invasion, and sometimes metastasis. These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but not all cancer e.g. leukemia.Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of...

Chronic Psychological stress has several adverse effects both on HIV- people and on HIV+ patient. When the HIV- people are concerned, stress makes them more susceptible to HIV infection. T-cells have CXCR4 receptor and Macrophage have CCR5 receptor which can bind with both glucocorticoid and catecholamine hormone. HIV has GP120 protein which has to bind with both CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5 receptor for its entry into the host cells. Mental stress increases glucocorticoid and catecholamine concentration in blood. When these stress hormones, glucocorticoid and catecholamine, bind with the CXCR4/CCR5...

Programmed cell death, which is termed as apoptosis, is essential for normal development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Aberrant regulation of this pathway is linked to multiple human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes. Apoptosis is pursued by two pathways; extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis mainly relies on mitochondria where Bcl-2 family proteins serve as the master regulators. Mitochondria mainly execute their function through mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization...