This book adopts an Eastern or Chinese perspective on Alexis de Tocqueville’s political thought, highlighting the ‘aristocratic’ nature of his theory of freedom; and, as it does to, it takes the great traveller of nineteenth-century Europe to the East. What would that traveller see in China? What kind of freedom would be identified in Chinese social contexts? And how would Confucianism figure in today’s politics? This book departs from the usual present-day distinction between democracy and authoritarianism, to analyse how ‘equality of conditions’ has affected both China and the...