Diabetes mellitus produces numerous neurophysiological & structural changes in the central and peripheral nervous system and it further leads to development of neuropathic pain & moderate cognitive deficits in diabetics. The etiology of diabetes associated neuropathic pain & cognitive decline is multifactorial and involves an underlying phenomenon of metabolic memory. The concept of "metabolic memory," that is of diabetic vascular stresses persisting even after stringent glucose control, has been supported both in the laboratory and in the clinic in both type 1 & type 2 diabetes. Therefore,...