Head and neck cancers (HN) are considered as the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. In Sudan, HNCs represents 13.5% of all cancers. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for head and neck cancers. Other risk factor includes the viral infection, particularly with Human papilloma virus HPV which is responsible of about 20% of oral cancers, 70% of oropharyngeal cancers and 8% of other head and neck cancers. In the present work 96% of HNCs were squamous cell carcinomas and 4% were adenocarcinomas. HPV was detected in 31/200 (15.5%) cases of head and neck tumors...

This book disscused the occupational exposure to metal dust particularly, Aluminium and Iron and its diverse effects on the lung.Dysplasia was detected in four individuals, all of them were cases particularly iron workers. Notably, there were 168 individuals with metaplasia, of whom, 77(59%) were identified among cases and the remaining 91(58%) were among controls, in the cases, metaplastic cells were found in Iron workers and 11 in Aluminum workers. In respect to the presence of human papilloma virus, 18 were found in cases (17 in Iron, 1 in Aluminum) and 8 in controls. Inflammatory cells...