Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) include any procedure in which oocytes and spermatozoa, or embryos are manipulated in vitro for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy. Intrauterine insemination, in which laboratory-prepared sperm are inserted into the uterine cavity through a cervical catheter, is indicated in mild-moderate male factor infertility along with a number of other diagnoses. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an ART in which sperm and oocytes are retrieved and combined outside of the body where fertilization occurs, the embryos are then transferred to the uterus. Initially...

Diabetes mellitus is a multisystem disease with both biochemical and anatomical consequences. Diabetes in pregnant women may be pregestational, where diabetes (type 1 or type 2) is diagnosed before pregnancy, or gestational, which refers to diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy. While planning the management of risk pregnancies, including those complicated by diabetes, two vital questions should be asked: "How will this disorder affect gestational outcome?", and "How will pregnancy affect maternal clinical status?" Diabetes is associated with the most adverse fetal outcome, increased rates of...