Negative pragmatic transfer has been repeatedly reported in learners L2 production. But what are transferred? How are they distributed? What are their communicative effects? These questions were not explicitly addressed to date and thus are the research questions of this book. Adult Chinese EFL learners were subjects of study. Transfer types were examined in both observed and elicited data; their distributions were analyzed in terms of levels and lengths of EFL learning; and their effects were assessed by English native speakers. Three transfer types were identified and reduced...