This book uses new institutional economics (NIE) to discuss current trends in planning and the institutional shift from government to market via homeowners associations(HOA). The private governance of HOAs actually is not a pure market-oriented planning institution. It has transaction costs stemming from the use of democracy in making collective choices. Its institutional position, therefore, is in the middle between government and Multiple-tenant income properties (like shopping mall), a pure market-oriented planning institution. The idea of private planning and management via...