From the late of nineteenth century to the early of twentieth century, many Chinese elites continuously seek a path to rapidly modernise her backward industry because of losing wars to the Western powers and Japan. During this period, there were several programmes that launched by the Chinese government including the Qing Government, the Warlords Government, and the Nationalist Government. None of these programmes achieved the goal of modernisation. During this period, China experienced the so-called national humiliation followed by signed unequal treaties and social unrest which...
From the late of nineteenth century to the early of twentieth century, many Chinese elites continuously seek a path to rapidly modernise her backwar...
