World War I caused a crisis in the ethics of masculinity for North American Mennonites. It marked their first continent-wide forced contact with militant states involved in a popular mass war. As an internally divided, secluded, pacifist, and primarily German-speaking people, they were not prepared for the challenge the militant masculinity posed to Mennonite men. Mennonite teachings on the war were only consistent with masculine humility, not pacifism. The response of Mennonite men was complex and some men responded to the war by developing new concerns for church doctrine and for global...