Fluency is a critical element in second language (L2) listening and reading abilities. Without the ability to comprehend aural information delivered at a natural speed or written information at a reasonably fast pace, learners may have difficulty comprehending lectures and TV programs online, or they may lose interest in reading textbooks and newspapers. Thus, this book explores factors contributing to the development of L2 listening and reading fluency by investigating the listening rate (LR) and reading rate (RR) of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) with diverse L1 ...