Complex systems (e.g., infrastructure systems, economic systems, information systems) are usually exposed to various risks, including internal failures, natural disasters, and willful attacks. The risks, if not properly managed, may lead to systems unavailability, unfunctionality, and even to catastrophic events. Thus effectively accessing and managing the risks are essential to complex systems management. Hierarchical analysis (HA) is a fundamental methodology for complex systems analysis. This book for the first time discusses, compares, and integrates two branches (i.e., ...