Pain is one of the most challenging problems in medicine and biology. It is a challenge to the sufferer who must often learn to live with pain for which no therapy has been found. It is a challenge to the physician who seeks every possible means to help the suffering patient. Acute pain assessment and management in Emergency Department is still grossly inadequate and more research should be encouraged in this particular field. Awareness from all health care providers about appropriate acute pain management will help to improve the quality of care to our patient attending the...

As acute breathlessness has been recognized as an important medical problem, multiple attempts has been made to improve the management of such a condition. Several researches have been done to show the correlation between ETCO2 and PaCO2 especially in intubated patients. For more than 40 years since it was first used, several attempts has been made to recognize the utility and accuracy of capnometry use in patients with respiratory conditions. Microstream capnometer has a potential to predict PaCO2 level especially in the case of pure acidosis and hypocapnia. It can be a potential form of non...