How the planet Earth evolves to its present form and how the interior of Earth affects its surface are still open questions. The main difficulty in probing the answer is the incomplete knowledge of Earths internal structures, especially at the ancient geological past. This book introduces a novel approach to reproduce the evolving interior of Earth, using a technique widely adopted in weather prediction. An inverse model based on this technique can crank the time machine backward, and reveal the Earths structure in the past. An example is the reconstruction of the so called Farallon...