There is no a reference model, which could be used to develop and unify E-Commerce, E-Business, and E-Government services as the software artifacts. This book suggests a reference model that called Global Village Services Reference Model (GVSRM) to realize the Global Village Grid as an E-Services Framework.Thus, GVSRM could be referenced as the baseline of any kind of software engineering efforts pertaining to the E-Services, Globalization, and the Grid Computing concepts. Furthermore, some Grid-based entities, actors, actions, and their associations, which defined and elaborated in detail in...

Graphs are known structures with many applications in various fields including computer science and information visualization. Drawing graphs makes understanding the meaning of graphs easy by geometrically representation of them. Many graph drawing algorithms have been presented in the literature. Most of them draw graphs on an unbounded surface. However, there are applications in which it is required to draw graphs on a prescribed size area. For example, consider a VLSI circuit which should be designed on a U-shaped PCB with prescribed size, or consider a software in which one...