Focusing of Singular beam has attracted great deal of attention in recent years due to various practical applications and in physical optics. Importance has also been realized in polarization and pupil function engineering for desired focused structure. Quality of the focusing system plays a very important role in shaping the focused structure, and any imperfection in focusing system results in deformation or an increase in the size of the focal spot. This book reports detail investigations on the focusing of singular beams by high and low numerical aperture systems. Impact of aberrations on...

The present work embodies the results of scientific investigation involving the use of safe radiolysis process for degradation of PCBs; persistent organic pollutants present in used oils by gamma radiation using Co-60 as a radiation source. The work reports the salient aspects of ship breaking activity in India, gamma irradiation of PCBs, gamma irradiation of various oils, method development and validation, determination of PCBs in thermic oils using GC-MS, etc. The aim is to assess the level of destruction of PCBs in standards and oils by gamma irradiation and to determine the optimum dose...