The highly conserved molecular processes underlying learning prompted me to study the impact of external stimuli (infection and environmental stress) on the well investigated behavioural repertoire of honeybee. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, the role of JNK/SAPK (Jun-N-terminal kinase/Stress activated protein kinase) in mechanism of learning and memory formation is not well understood and demands for a thorough investigation, especially in vivo. This work demonstrates a central role of JNK/SAPK, well known as central component in mammalian immune and stress response, in...