Ensuring quality in software development is a challenging process. The concepts of anti-patterns and code smells utilize the knowledge of known problems to improve the quality of current and future software development. However, the knowledge and understanding of these indicators of low quality software is still insufficient to resolve many of the problems they represent. The identification and definition of anti-patterns is a heuristic process. Additionally, minimal research exists addressing the relationships between or among code smells and anti- patterns. Software quality issues such as...