These notes are an introduction to implicit models of linear dynamical systems, with applications to modelling, control system design, and identification, intended for control-system engineers at the beginning graduate level. Because they are non-oriented, the models are particularly useful where causality is unknown or may change. They are implicit in all variables and closed under the algebraic operations, and hence are useful for computer-aided analysis and design. They possess the vector-matrix conceptual simplicity and computational feasibility of state-space equations, together with the...