Regeneration ecology of Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) dominated conifer forests in Bhutan is little understood and poses silvicultural challenges. Small-seeded hemlock and East Himalayan Spruce (Picea spinulosa) are restricted to decomposed nurse logs and moss pads. Both species avoid other forest floor microsites, especially bamboo litter. Larger-seeded Himalayan Silver Fir (Abies densa) and Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) are able to regenerate on a wider range of substrates, but not on bamboo litter. Under competition by the palatable bamboo Yushania microphylla in gaps, cattle grazing...