Despite the progress of the womens movement in the 1970s and legal victories in the 1980s and 1990s, women in higher education still have not achieved parity in the number of faculty and administrative positions held, nor in compensation earned. Academia addressed this problem by creating various professional development programs for women. While these programs provided opportunities for women to collaborate and network, they assumed that the "problem" that needed to be fixed was that women were not qualified for advancement- academia failed to consider that the real barriers to gender...