The last few decades of the twentieth century were a period of tremendous
change in organized labor and apprenticeship programs in the United States.
Going into the twenty-first century, skilled trade union apprenticeship programs
are in a change, coping with decline in union membership and
pressure to open their ranks to under represented groups. Insuring inclusion
of women and minorities in registered apprenticeship has been an acknowledged
problem among policy makers. Failure to improve meaningful,
representative access in apprenticeship programs, particularly to women, was
cause for the...