Production of -lactamase enzymes that break down the structural -lactam ring of penicillin-like drugs considered as a predominant mechanism of bacterial resistance to -lactam antibiotics. Extended- spectrum - Lactamases (ESBLs) have been found in many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, but they are most common in nosocomial isolates of K. pneumoniae. Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria. The bacteriocins (klebocins) of K. pneumoniae are closely related to the colicin family. Although K. pneumoniae is one of the well known bacterial species in which the ESBLs and...