Environmental solutions to processing facilities were in the form of end-of-pipe pollution control strategies. These are solutions that focus primarily on chemical, biological and physical treatment of terminal streams.The result has been waste treatment solutions that reduced the volume and toxicity of undesirable pollutants in industrial discharges.Although such pollution control approach has resulted in reducing bad environmental impacts on processing facilities, they focused on the symptoms and not the true causes of the problem.This myopic view lacked cost effectiveness and...