In wastewater reclamation systems, microbiological monitoring is conducted to ensure that the users of reclaimed water are exposed to minimal risks from exposure to pathogens. Typically, utilities rely on the use of process controls to remove or inactivate pathogens. Routine monitoring of indicator organisms is conducted to evaluate overall process performance and for regulatory compliance. However, the effectiveness of individual treatment processes for removal of pathogens is dependent on process variables. This project was conducted to compare the effectiveness of biological treatment,...

This book provides a real-world analysis of how to quantify and prioritize water-based microbial threats to human health, how to design data collection systems that truly support management decisions, and how to build a comprehensive monitoring program when dealing with cross-boundary issues. International borders and cross-boundary issues complicate water resource management. Even if nations or jurisdictions agree on the nature and source of the problem, differing legal frameworks complicate cross-border management, as the procedural steps and time necessary to implement a solution vary...

Most of the technological developments relevant to water supply and wastewater date back to more than to five thousand years ago. These developments were driven by the necessity to make efficient use of natural resources, to make civilizations more resistant to destructive natural elements, and to improve the standards of life, both at public and private level.
Rapid technological progress in the 20th century created a disregard for past sanitation and wastewater and stormwater technologies that were considered to be far behind the present ones. A great deal of unresolved problems in the...