Criminal law is one of the most rapidly changing areas of contemporary EU law and integration. The Treaty of Lisbon has elevated it to a central place in the constitution of the EU, within the dynamic area of freedom, security, and justice. The phenomenon of EU criminal law as such is, however, far from new, but has developed on an ad hoc basis, not least as a result of the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Central to the Court's reasoning in this area has been the principle of effectiveness. A main theme running through this book is the role of the axiom of effectiveness,...