Was the Habsburg monarchy an empire like those of Great Britain, France or Spain? Drawing upon modern theoretical perspectives on European expansion to answer this question, the author argues that the Habsburg holdings did indeed constitute a form of European imperialism. She examines the role of the interaction between Habsburg rulers, territorial estates, and religious institutions in the expansion of the empire. The book then goes on to explore the reorientation of these relationships through the impact of the European Enlightenment, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and more.