Automatic personal authentication using biometric information is becoming more essential in applications of public security, access control, forensics, banking, etc. Many kinds of biometric authentication techniques have been developed based on different biometric characteristics. However, most of the physical biometric recognition techniques are based on two dimensional (2D) images, despite the fact that human characteristics are three dimensional (3D) surfaces. Recently, 3D techniques have been applied to biometric applications such as 3D face, 3D palmprint, 3D fingerprint, and 3D ear...

In contrast to the female-centric study of fertility, this volume focuses on the role of males and challenges whether fertility variation can be understood without exploring the roles of both sexes. Male and female fertility differentials are presented in rates and determinants in various social contexts.