This book is one of the few empirical studies to capture an in-depth understanding of the study abroad experiences of newly-arrived international students in higher education. It closely examines their changing learning goals, underlying motivations and strategy uses during both short and long academic programmes in a study abroad context.

This book focuses on private tutoring (sometimes also known as “shadow education”), an important but neglected topic in applied linguistics and language education research. Private tutoring has become a popular out-of-school learning activity worldwide. While its scope and definition are expanding, private tutoring commonly refers to the “paid service students used to supplement their learning of academic subjects at school outside school hours” (Yung, 2019). Around the world, English language is one of the most popularly enrolled subjects in private tutoring, including both English...