Vacuum technology has enormous impact on human life in many aspects and fields, such as metallurgy, material development and production, food and electronic industry, microelectronics, device fabrication, physics, materials science, space science, engineering, chemistry, technology of low temperature, pharmaceutical industry, and biology. All decorative coatings used in jewelries and various daily products--including shiny decorative papers, the surface finish of watches, and light fixtures--are made using vacuum technological processes. Vacuum analytical techniques and vacuum technologies...