This book tackles one of the most contentious aspects of international criminal law-the modes of liability. At the heart of the discussion is the quest for balance between the accused's individual contribution and the collective nature of mass offending. The principle of legality demands that there exists a well-defined link between the crime and the person charged with it. This is so, even in the context of international offending, which often implies 'several degrees of separation' between the direct perpetrator and the person who authorizes the atrocity. The challenge is to construct that...