This brief reviews the fundamentals, recent developments, challenges and prospects of Li-S and Li-O2 batteries, including fundamental research and potential applications. It starts with a brief overview encompassing the current state of Li-S and Li-O2 battery technology. It then provides general information on Li-S and Li-O2 batteries, including the electrochemical processes and battery components. The following sections focus on the historical and recent development of Li-S and Li-O2 batteries respectively, offering detailed insights into the key material development, cell assembly,...