This book describes newly developed methods of assessing the autonomic nervous system. Up-to-date information on microneurographic analysis of human cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function in humans, heart rate variability, and ¹³¹I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy are provided. Microneurography, which was originally developed as a technique to analyze the afferent muscle spindle, came to be used to analyze sympathetic nerve activity in the mid-1980s. In the twenty-first century, this technique has become prevalent all over the world especially in investigating the...