Ambush attacks against law enforcement officers remain a threat to officer safety with the annual number of attacks holding steady since a decline in the 1990s and the proportion of fatal attacks on officers attributable to ambushes increasing. Concerns about targeted violence against police are rising in an era of strained community relations, struggles with police legitimacy, and anti-government extremism. Yet little research has examined ambush attacks as a specific and directed form of violence against police. This study addresses that gap in the literature through a mixed-methods...