The occurrence of mycotoxic nephropathy in farm animals and humans was studied. Etiological factors contributing to disease development were analyzed. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction and masked mycotoxins in the complex etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy is studied. The significance of low contamination levels of target combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs/chicks/humans in the practice was analyzed. Human exposure estimation to nephrotoxic mycotoxins in endemic areas was made. The metabolism, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and elimination of nephrotoxic...