The permanent canines are the foundation of an esthetic smile and functional occlusion. Factors that interfere with its development and eruption had serious consequences on esthetics, function and stability of stomatognathic system. The orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canine remains a challenge to today's clinicians. The treatment of this clinical entity usually involves surgical exposure of the impacted tooth, followed by orthodontic traction to guide and align it into the dental arch. Bone loss, root resorption, and gingival recession around the treated teeth are some of the...

Pentraxin-3 is Tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-stimulated gene 14 (TSG-14), elevated level of PTX-3 in plasma is seen in severe infections and some diseases. PTX-3 is considered as a marker of inflammation. Active tieback and NiTi coil spring are used for space closure after extraction of premolars. Active tieback is simple, economical and reliable. Nickel titanium coil springs have been shown to produce a constant force over varying lengths and duration, with no force decay. This book compares the levels of Pentraxin 3 (PTX-3) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in orthodontic patients undergoing...

Recent advances in orthodontic wire alloys have resulted in a varied array of wires that exhibit a wide spectrum of properties. Up until the 1930s the only orthodontic wires available were made of gold. Austenitic stainless steel, with its greater strength, higher modulus of elasticity, good resistance to corrosion and moderate costs, was introduced as an orthodontic wire in 1929 and shortly afterwards gained popularity over gold. Since then several other alloys with desirable properties have been adapted in orthodontics